Kama Sutra : Introduction

Hello!

 What greater thing is there for two human souls than to feel that they are joined... to strengthen each other... to be at one with each other in silent unspeakable memories.
      ~ George Eliot 

This is the second post on the Kama Sutra, Remember, last week we went through the Preface. Today, we look at the "Introduction." It gives us a little back-ground to the author and the period when this Sanskrit love and sex manual was written.

Kind regards,

Neil Knight

INTRODUCTION.

It may be interesting to some persons to learn how it came about that Vatsyayana was first brought to light and translated into the English language. It happened thus. While translating with the pundits the 'Anunga runga, or the stage of love,' reference was frequently found to be made to one Vatsya. The sage Vatsya was of this opinion, or of that opinion. The sage Vatsya said this, and so on. Naturally questions were asked who the sage was, and the pundits replied that Vatsya was the author of the standard work on love in Sanscrit literature, that no Sanscrit library was complete without his work, and that it was most difficult now to obtain in its entire state. The copy of the manuscript obtained in Bombay was defective, and so the pundits wrote to Benares, Calcutta and Jeypoor for copies of the manuscript from Sanscrit libraries in those places. Copies having been obtained, they were then compared with each other, and with the aid of a Commentary called 'Jayamangla' a revised copy of the entire manuscript was prepared, and from this copy the English translation was made. The following is the certificate of the chief pundit:—

"The accompanying manuscript is corrected by me after comparing four different copies of the work. I had the assistance of a Commentary called 'Jayamangla' for correcting the portion in the first five parts, but found great difficulty in correcting the remaining portion, because, with the exception of one copy thereof which was tolerably correct, all the other copies I had were far too incorrect. However, I took that portion as correct in which the majority of the copies agreed with each other."

The 'Aphorisms on Love,' by Vatsyayana, contains about one thousand two hundred and fifty slokas or verses, and are divided into parts, parts into chapters, and chapters into[9] paragraphs. The whole consists of seven parts, thirty-six chapters, and sixty-four paragraphs. Hardly anything is known about the author. His real name is supposed to be Mallinaga or Mrillana, Vatsyayana being his family name. At the close of the work this is what he writes about himself:

"After reading and considering the works of Babhravya and other ancient authors, and thinking over the meaning of the rules given by them, this treatise was composed, according to the precepts of the Holy Writ, for the benefit of the world, by Vatsyayana, while leading the life of a religious student at Benares, and wholly engaged in the contemplation of the Deity. This work is not to be used merely as an instrument for satisfying our desires. A person acquainted with the true principles of this science, who preserves his Dharma (virtue or religious merit), his Artha (worldly wealth) and his Kama (pleasure or sensual gratification), and who has regard to the customs of the people, is sure to obtain the mastery over his senses. In short, an intelligent and knowing person, attending to Dharma and Artha and also to Kama, without becoming the slave of his passions, will obtain success in everything that he may do."

It is impossible to fix the exact date either of the life of Vatsyayana or of his work. It is supposed that he must have lived between the first and the sixth centuries of the Christian era, on the following grounds:—He mentions that Satkarni Srtvahan, a king of Kuntal, killed Malayevati his wife with an instrument called kartari by striking her in the passion of love, and Vatsya quotes this case to warn people of the danger arising from some old customs of striking women when under the influence of this passion. Now this king of Kuntal is believed to have lived and reigned during the first century a.c., and consequently Vatsya must have lived after him. On the other hand, Virahamihira, in the eighteenth chapter of his 'Brihatsanhita,' treats of the science of love, and appears to have borrowed largely from Vatsyayana on the subject. Now Virahamihira is said to have lived during the sixth century a.d., and as Vatsya must have written his works previously, therefore not earlier than the first century,a.c., and not later than the sixth century a.d., must be considered as the approximate date of his existence.

[10]On the text of the 'Aphorisms on Love,' by Vatsyayana, only two commentaries have been found. One called 'Jayamangla' or 'Sutrabashya,' and the other 'Sutra vritti.' The date of the 'Jayamangla' is fixed between the tenth and thirteenth centuries a.d., because while treating of the sixty-four arts an example is taken from the 'Kávyaprakásha,' which was written about the tenth century a.d. Again, the copy of the commentary procured was evidently a transcript of a manuscript which once had a place in the library of a Chaulukyan king named Vishaladeva, a fact elicited from the following sentence at the end of it:—

"Here ends the part relating to the art of love in the commentary on the 'Vatsyayana Kama Sutra,' a copy from the library of the king of kings, Vishaladeva, who was a powerful hero, as it were a second Arjuna, and head jewel of the Chaulukya family."

Now it is well known that this king ruled in Guzerat from 1244 to 1262 a.d., and founded a city called Visalnagur. The date, therefore, of the commentary is taken to be not earlier than the tenth and not later than the thirteenth century. The author of it is supposed to be one Yashodhara, the name given him by his preceptor being Indrapada. He seems to have written it during the time of affliction caused by his separation from a clever and shrewd woman, at least that is what he himself says at the end of each chapter. It is presumed that he called his work after the name of his absent mistress, or the word may have some connection with the meaning of her name.

This commentary was most useful in explaining the true meaning of Vatsyayana, for the commentator appears to have had a considerable knowledge of the times of the older author, and gives in some places very minute information. This cannot be said of the other commentary, called "Sutra vritti," which was written about a.d., by Narsing Shastri, a pupil of a Sarveshwar Shastri; the latter was a descendant of Bhaskur, and so also was our author, for at the conclusion of every part he calls himself Bhaskur Narsing Shastra. He was induced to write the work by order of the learned Raja Vrijalala, while he was residing in Benares, but as to the merits of this commentary it does not deserve much[11] commendation. In many cases the writer does not appear to have understood the meaning of the original author, and has changed the text in many places to fit in with his own explanations.

A complete translation of the original work now follows. It has been prepared in complete accordance with the text of the manuscript, and is given, without further comments, as made from it.

A Dynamic Guide for "True Love"

Hello...

...and welcome, again, to "Great Love Relationships Today!" I sincerely trust that the previous two posts were useful and interesting.

The following article was written by Ariole K Alei and it gives us tips on how to establish and maintain deep, intimate relationships. Enjoy.


Yours for blissful relationships,
Neil Knight


 More Tips for Ultimate Love Relationships


A Dynamic Guide for 'True Love'


Have you ever wished there was a 'guidebook' to navigate you through the maze of your relationship?  Here it is!  5 of our most powerful 10+ Tips to Making Your Relationship the Best Ever.  (See also our “5+ Tips” to glean the enormous benefits of our blissful love advice.)


1. Deep Listening


What we say is often not what we actually mean.  Deep beneath the surface layers of our words lies our true message.


How do we listen to our partner’s deep meaning?


We listen with our whole body.  We relax into our body, take deeper breaths, and attune to the energy of their entire being.  When we do this, we drop down inside ourselves into compassion.  We ‘bypass’ our own fear, and we awaken to who they are in the moment, what they are expressing, what they most want, what they are asking for.


Deep listening involves so much more than our ears.  When we listen solely with our ears, we listen in a conditioned way.  We listen through our filters, our resentments, our assumptions and our own fears.


When we ‘Deep Listen’, our being is recognizing another’s being.


This creates more trust.  As we ‘receive’ our partner in a more holistic way, they feel safer and more completely accepted by us.  This deepens our intimacy – as they naturally offer more of themselves to us.


2. “I am Grateful For … I Forgive You For”


This is one of the most effective and relationship-transforming practices that my husband brought into the fledgling stages of our relationship.  It goes like this …


As you lie in bed at night – or sitting together on the sofa if you prefer – sense together (each evening has a different ‘flow’) who will speak first – and who will listen.


The speaker takes a moment to relax his or her body, letting its weight fall heavily into the sofa or the bed.  Taking a few deep breaths, he or she then vocalizes 5 things that “I am grateful for” pertaining to his or her partner.  Then he or she vocalizes 5 things that “I forgive you for”.  During this, the partner remains silent and deeply listens – without response or reaction.


Then the roles reverse.  The listener becomes the speaker, and vice versa.


What develops – through this practice – is an opportunity to express and to receive reflections of how deeply we enrich each other’s lives (“I am grateful for”).  Plus it is an opportunity to express in a safe environment what we wish was different in our partner’s way of being and living (“I forgive you for”).  In silence as the listener, we have the tremendous opportunity of simply hearing what someone close to us desires we do or be differently.


My husband and I practiced this for approximately two years at the beginning of our relationship.  We built such a foundation of love and respect and clear communication through this simple practice.  Nothing was out of bounds to communicate or to hear.  Our relationship is so incredibly honest and trusting as a result of this.


3. Shared Vision


The ideal relationship is one in which we are complements to each other – we each bring unique experiences, viewpoints and desires to our shared relationship.


The best relationships are ones in which a ‘Shared Vision’ grows.  This Vision might include a homestead which nourishes both people and fosters greater depth in the relationship.  A philanthropic project which gives both people – together – an experience of deep sharing with others.  A company or business which is a vehicle for both people to share their passionate attributes.  A hobby or travel destination which inspires both people and supports them to grow deeper in their love.


A Shared Vision can be anything.  It is simply this – a desire which both people share to create something meaningful together.


This ‘Shared Vision’ becomes a magnet which draws both people deeper into themselves and simultaneously closer together.  It brings out the best in them.


This ‘Shared Vision’ – just like the relationship itself – develops a life of its own.  This … is what makes a relationship so magnificent.


4. Love, Tenderness, and Laughter


No matter how robust two people are.  No matter how athletic they are.  No matter how much worldly responsibility they share.  ... It is vital that you give Tenderness and Laughter more room in your relationship.


Love is borne of Tenderness and Laughter.  Like play, it is in this energy field that we let down our guards, soften our underbellies, and expose our most precious elements to our partner.


Taking vacations together is one of the best – and easiest – ways to access Tenderness and Laughter.


It's essential, too, to create the time / space for Tenderness and Laughter in our day-to-day at-home lives.


A simple way to ensure its presence is to intend to find at least one moment every day to say a genuine "I Love You" to your partner.  Not a rote one – words that are hollow.  A genuine one.  This may require you to slow down, let go of judgment and blame, and listen to them deeply.


What drew you to your partner initially?  Is that quality or attribute still there?  What has grown and opened since you met?  What is special or unique about them?


Your not recognizing their greatest assets is not because they don't have them.  It may simply be that you’ve become – temporarily – preoccupied with your own pain or frustration to notice them.


Slow down.  Take a deep breath.  And remember what you love most about your partner.  Then say … “I love you” … from the depth of your belly, and the fullness of your heart.


… And notice how your relationship deepens and widens … how much more bliss flows in.


5. Be In the Now


Most relationships crumble because one or both partners become snagged in the past.  Blame, un-communicated challenges, and resentment are the primary causes of this.


If your relationship breaks down, it will likely be that one of these three have existed.


If you have chosen your partner as someone whom you can Respect, Play with, be an Ally in Growth with, Share a Vision with, and Trust, then your relationship will last blissfully long – as long as you both are growing concurrently.


All relationships end.  They naturally end when the benefit of our being together has run its full course.


Most relationships end ‘unnecessarily’.  They end precisely because one or both people built up resentment over time rather than taking responsibility for communicating something that was irritating them.  Or they end because one or both people weren’t Self Loving and therefore weren’t open to truly giving and receiving love.


Your relationship blossoming into one of unparalleled bliss is completely within your ability.


Take a deep breath.


Go back to when you first met.  Skip forward in time, picking up everything about your partner and about being together that still nourishes you.  And let everything else go.


This is who you are together as a relationship now.  Nothing else matters.  Drop it.


Be the love and joy and appreciation that you are now.


Practice this regularly – every six months at least.


This will ‘refresh’ your relationship – just like cleaning a chalk board or refreshing your computer screen.


Your relationship is so precious.  Practice these 5 Tips daily.  Keep training your mind to experience your relationship In The Now.




------------------------


Ariole K. Alei is Co-Founder of HeartSongMatchmaking and HeartSong Solutions.  She is an Author, Keynote Speaker, Tele Class Leader and Global Visionary.  http://www.HeartSongMatchmaking.com
http://www.HeartSongSolutions.ca
http://www.SoulfulSinglesBlog.com




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The Kama Sutra of Vatsyayana: Preface

Hello, 

Today we begin our study of The Kama Sutra of Vatsyayana. This love and sex manual was written by Vatsyayana in Sanscrit, and this translation into English was done by Richard Burton, Bhagavanal Indrajit and Shivaram Parashuram Bhide. You will be introduced to Padmini (Lotus Woman). To the Greeks, Venus represented feminine excellence. The Hindus view Padmini in a similar way. Fascinating!! 

Talking about feminine perfection, here's something to think about: "Sure God created man before woman, but then again you always make a rough draft before creating the final masterpiece." Ouch!

Kind regards,

Neil Knight 

PREFACE

In the literature of all countries there will be found a certain number of works treating especially of love. Everywhere the subject is dealt with differently, and from various points of view. In the present publication it is proposed to give a complete translation of what is considered the standard work on love in Sanscrit literature, and which is called the 'Vatsyayana Kama Sutra,' or Aphorisms on Love, by Vatsyayana.

While the introduction will bear with the evidence concerning the date of the writing, and the commentaries written upon it, the chapters following the introduction will give a translation of the work itself. It is, however, advisable to furnish here a brief analysis of works of the same nature, prepared by authors who lived and wrote years after Vatsya had passed away, but who still considered him as a great authority, and always quoted him as the chief guide to Hindoo erotic literature.

Besides the treatise of Vatsyayana the following works on the same subject are procurable in India:—

1. The Ratirahasya, or secrets of love.
2. The Panchasakya, or the five arrows.
3. The Smara Pradipa, or the light of love.
4. The Ratimanjari, or the garland of love.
5. The Rasmanjari, or the sprout of love.
6. The Anunga Runga, or the stage of love; also called Kamaledhiplava, or a boat in the ocean of love.

The author of the 'Secrets of Love' (No. 1) was a poet named Kukkoka. He composed his work to please one Venudutta, who was perhaps a king. When writing his own name at the end of each chapter he calls himself "Siddha patiya pandita," i.e., an ingenious man among learned men. The work was translated into Hindi years ago, and in this the author's name was written as Koka. And as the same name crept into all the translations into other languages in India, the book became generally known, and the [4]subject was popularly called Koka Shastra, or doctrines of Koka, which is identical with the Kama Shastra, or doctrines of love, and the words Koka Shastra and Kama Shastra are used indiscriminately.

The work contains nearly eight hundred verses, and is divided into ten chapters, which are called called Pachivedas. Some of the things treated of in this work are not to be found in the Vatsyayana, such as the four classes of women, viz., the Padmini, Chitrini, Shankini and Hastini, as also the enumeration of the days and hours on which the women of the different classes become subject to love. The author adds that he wrote these things from the opinions of Gonikaputra and Nandikeshwara, both of whom are mentioned by Vatsyayana, but their works are not now extant. It is difficult to give any approximate idea as to the year in which the work was composed. It is only to be presumed that it was written after that of Vatsyayana, and previous to the other works on this subject that are still extant. Vatsyayana gives the names of ten authors on the subject, all of whose works he had consulted, but none of which are extant, and does not mention this one. This would tend to show that Kukkoka wrote after Vatsya, otherwise Vatsya would assuredly have mentioned him as an author in this branch of literature along with the others.

The author of the 'Five Arrows' (No. 2 in the list) was one Jyotirisha. He is called the chief ornament of poets, the treasure of the sixty-four arts, and the best teacher of the rules of music. He says that he composed the work after reflecting on the aphorisms of love as revealed by the gods, and studying the opinions of Gonikaputra, Muladeva, Babhravya, Ramtideva, Nundikeshwara and Kshemandra. It is impossible to say whether he had perused all the works of these authors, or had only heard about them; anyhow, none of them appear to be in existence now. This work contains nearly six hundred verses, and is divided into five chapters, called Sayakas or Arrows.

The author of the 'Light of Love' (No. 3) was the poet Gunakara, the son of Vechapati. The work contains four hundred verses, and gives only a short account of the doctrines of love, dealing more with other matters.

[5]'The Garland of Love' (No. 4) is the work of the famous poet Jayadeva, who said about himself that he is a writer on all subjects. This treatise is, however, very short, containing only one hundred and twenty-five verses.

The author of the 'Sprout of Love' (No. 5) was a poet called Bhanudatta. It appears from the last verse of the manuscript that he was a resident of the province of Tirhoot, the son of a Brahman named Ganeshwar, who was also a poet. The work, written in Sanscrit, gives the descriptions of different classes of men and women, their classes being made out from their age, description, conduct, etc. It contains three chapters, and its date is not known, and cannot be ascertained.

'The Stage of Love' (No. 6) was composed by the poet Kullianmull, for the amusement of Ladkhan, the son of Ahmed Lodi, the same Ladkhan being in some places spoken of as Ladana Mull, and in others as Ladanaballa. He is supposed to have been a relation or connection of the house of Lodi, which reigned in Hindostan froma.d. 1450-1526. The work would, therefore, have been written in the fifteenth or sixteenth century. It contains ten chapters, and has been translated into English, but only six copies were printed for private circulation. This is supposed to be the latest of the Sanscrit works on the subject, and the ideas in it were evidently taken from previous writings of the same nature.

The contents of these works are in themselves a literary curiosity. There are to be found both in Sanscrit poetry and in the Sanscrit drama a certain amount of poetical sentiment and romance, which have, in every country and in every language, thrown an immortal halo round the subject. But here it is treated in a plain, simple, matter of fact sort of way. Men and women are divided into classes and divisions in the same way that Buffon and other writers on natural history have classified and divided the animal world. As Venus was represented by the Greeks to stand forth as the type of the beauty of woman, so the Hindoos describe the Padmini or Lotus woman as the type of most perfect feminine excellence, as follows:

She in whom the following signs and symptoms appear is called a Padmini. Her face is pleasing as the full moon; her body, well clothed with flesh, is soft as the Shiras or mustard[6] flower, her skin is fine, tender and fair as the yellow lotus, never dark coloured. Her eyes are bright and beautiful as the orbs of the fawn, well cut, and with reddish corners. Her bosom is hard, full and high; she has a good neck; her nose is straight and lovely, and three folds or wrinkles cross her middle—about the umbilical region. Her yoni resembles the opening lotus bud, and her love seed (Kama salila) is perfumed like the lily that has newly burst. She walks with swan-like gait, and her voice is low and musical as the note of the Kokila bird, she delights in white raiments, in fine jewels, and in rich dresses. She eats little, sleeps lightly, and being as respectful and religious as she is clever and courteous, she is ever anxious to worship the gods, and to enjoy the conversation of Brahmans. Such, then, is the Padmini or Lotus woman.

Detailed descriptions then follow of the Chitrini or Art woman; the Shankhini or Conch woman, and the Hastini or Elephant woman, their days of enjoyment, their various seats of passion, the manner in which they should be manipulated and treated in sexual intercourse, along with the characteristics of the men and women of the various countries in Hindostan. The details are so numerous, and the subjects so seriously dealt with, and at such length, that neither time nor space will permit of their being given here.

One work in the English language is somewhat similar to these works of the Hindoos. It is called 'Kalogynomia: or the Laws of Female Beauty,' being the elementary principles of that science, by T. Bell, M.D., with twenty-four plates, and printed in London in 1821. It treats of Beauty, of Love, of Sexual Intercourse, of the Laws regulating that Intercourse, of Monogamy and Polygamy, of Prostitution, of Infidelity, ending with a catalogue raisonnée of the defects of female beauty.

Other works in English also enter into great details of private and domestic life. 'The Elements of Social Science, or Physical, Sexual and Natural Religion,' by a Doctor of Medicine, London, 1880, and 'Every Woman's Book,' by Dr. Waters, 1826. To persons interested in the above subjects these works will be found to contain such details as have been seldom before published, and which ought to be thoroughly understood by all philanthropists and benefactors of society.

[7]After a perusal of the Hindoo work, and of the English books above mentioned, the reader will understand the subject, at all events from a materialistic, realistic and practical point of view. If all science is founded more or less on a stratum of facts, there can be no harm in making known to mankind generally certain matters intimately connected with their private, domestic, and social life.

Alas! complete ignorance of them has unfortunately wrecked many a man and many a woman, while a little knowledge of a subject generally ignored by the masses would have enabled numbers of people to have understood many things which they believed to be quite incomprehensible, or which were not thought worthy of their consideration.

"What is Inside of You? Peace and Happiness? Or Stress and Turmoil?"

Hello...

...and welcome to Great Love Relationships Today! I sincerely trust that here you will find answers and solutions to your love, sex, dating, marriage and other relationship issues. If you need help with a specific problem, please let me know and I'll try to help as best as I can.

As my first post, I selected an article by Keith A Shaw called "What is Inside of You? Peace and Happiness? Or Stress and Turmoil?" I strongly believe that in order to love another and enjoy healthy, long-lasting relationships, we must love ourselves first. Shaw gives us good advice on how to achieve selfless love.

Yours in Love & Happiness,

Neil Knight

Do You Feel At Peace and Happy?
Copyright © 2011 Mind Body Spirit Central, LLC

Jack LaLanne was on a television program yesterday. Yes, the 94-year old fitness expert and inspiration to millions and millions of people is still full of vim and vigor! In the closing remarks for the interview, Jack left his audience with the following thought. "You are responsible for everything you do - both on the outside and also inside of you."best as I can.But what is inside of YOU? Michelangelo saw in every rough block of marble a thing of beauty. And with his vision and master hand he would carefully and lovingly coax it into reality. And just like that rough block of marble, within each and every one of us, there sleeps a marvelous image awaiting the master hand of faith and the chisel of patience to bring it into view. When that marvelous image is revealed and realized it manifests itself as pure and selfless love.

Pure and selfless love is not always easy to find, but it is there. It is hidden deep in every human heart, and is frequently covered up with a hard and almost impenetrable fortress. It is the truth in man. It is the characteristic of man which is real and enduring. All else changes and passes away. To realize this love by continuous effort and practice of goodwill to others, to live in and become fully conscious in it, is to enter into a state of serenity, peace and happiness.

To fully understand the lesson I want to leave you with you must first understand the difference between human love and divine love.

Human love clings to material objects while excluding everything else. The attachment becomes so strong that when a material object is taken away or denied, the result is great and deep suffering. For example, look at all the people who are so attached to their iPods, cell phones, as well as overpriced coffee drinks that they will literally just "die" without them. If you want some real-life examples, just turn on any "Judge (insert name here)" television show! You will see people suing each other, left and right, over inanimate, material objects!
In contrast, divine love is clearly distinguished from human love in this supremely important way - it is free from partiality and prejudice. On the subject Mother Teresa said, "If you judge people, you have no time to love them."

What is more, divine love embraces the whole universe without clinging to any part of it. Those who achieve divine love come to it by gradually purifying and broadening their human loves until all the selfish and impure elements are removed. Because human love is narrow and confined and mingled with selfishness it causes suffering. No suffering can result from divine love as it is so absolutely pure that it seeks nothing for itself.
To attain, understand and experience this love, you must work with ongoing persistence and diligence and open your heart and mind. Benjamin Franklin was quoted as saying, "Energy and persistence conquer all things." You must be patient and keep your faith strong. As with a sculptor's block of marble, there is much to remove and much to accomplish before the beautiful image inside the marble block is revealed.
When you strive to reach and to achieve both patience and wisdom, expect to be challenged along the way. And, it is absolutely necessary that you are. A couple of things to expect:

1)      Realize that no one arrives there on the first attempt, and 2)      At times, as you proceed, all your work will seem to be futile.

Now and then a setback may discourage you, and perhaps when you think your work is almost completed and you have been successful, you will find what was imagined to be the beautiful image that is divine love did not appear. When this occurs, you must tap into your indomitable spirit, and begin once more with your prior learning and experiences to guide and motivate you. You must also recognize that there is no such thing as defeat. All failures are deceptive and not real. Every slip, every fall, every return to selfishness is a lesson learned. Gain value from your experience and utilize any failures as builing blocks on your path to higher things.

These failures are like guiding voices that speak to you plainly and simply telling you where you are weak and need improvement. When you begin to carefully watch your actions, you will learn from your experience what you need to work on, and what needs to be removed out of your heart to move closer to the goal of selfless love.

As you proceed each day, you will gradually detach yourself from your inner selfishness. The love that is selfless will gradually become revealed to you. For example, when you are growing patient and calm, your anger and irritabilities pass away from you and the more powerful negative desires and prejudices cease to dominate you. It is then you will know that the divine is awakening within you. You will draw nearer to the eternal heart and selfless love, the possession of which is peace and serenity.

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Keith A. Shaw is the founder and President of http://www.mindbodyspiritcentral.com/ an authority on motivation, self improvement, success, health and wellness. Keith is a Motivation Guide for Self Growth, expert for Success-Avalanche, speaker / lecturer, author of a motivational newsletter read in 27 countries, and a graduate of The College Of New Jersey and Rider University. Keith has a passion for the martial arts and is a 2nd-degree black belt.

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